While the industrial complex of the Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (
bhel ) boasts of lower incidence of malaria due to the efforts of the civil maintenance department of the
bhel and the
mrc , the Hardwar city continues in its battle against mosquitoes.
In 1986, the
mrc started bioenvironmental control within the
bhel complex, an area covering 25 sq km.
bhel is a huge public sector company with a centrally-managed residential colony and a team of paid staff. The
bhel hospital registered 1,129, 1,623 and 3,049 malaria positive cases in 1983, 1984 and 1985, respectively. Previous mosquito control measures, like spraying of
ddt and hexachloro cyclo hexane (
hch ), had very little impact on the increasing trends of malaria, partly due to vector resistance and irregular spraying, which also led to alarming levels of pollution in Hardwar.
Work on reducing breeding grounds was undertaken by the
mrc in collaboration with the civil maintenance department of
bhel . People were involved in establishing nurseries, tree plantations and improvement of toilets, which had an impact on mosquito breeding. However, the community did not take any initiative on its own. It participated only when the
mrc took the initiative. "As long as the disease is there, people treat us like gods. The moment it is controlled, they lose interest," bemoans V K Dua, station in-charge,
mrc , Hardwar.
The programme was continued aggressively for four years, that is till 1990. Thereafter, the focus of
mrc shifted to maintenance of the interventions and regular surveillance. "We have instructed the civil maintenance department of the
bhel complex to carry it forward. Ours is a research organisation. Our job is only to develop strategies. Carrying it forward is the government's job. Why should we waste our resources in doing someone else's job?" asks Dua. "Now we only work as a monitoring body," he points out. The
mrc monitors the entire campus every fortnight, mainly through surveillance. Whenever needed, it arranges through
bhel 's civil maintenance department to make minor interventions such as filling pits, ditches and introducing larvivorous fish. The exercise has produced good results. In the
bhel complex, incidence of malaria was reduced by more than 90 per cent in 10 years.
In addition to bringing down malaria, the level of pesticide pollution in the
bhel complex was found to be much lower than in the adjoining areas. A 1994
mrc study in Hardwar found that the concentrations of
hch and
ddt in soil, drinking water and human blood were 10 to 200 times higher in the nearby locality of Bahadrabad, where insecticides are sprayed, than in the
bhel complex where pesticides have not been used since 1986. Considering the toxic effect of pesticides, bioenvironmental control has a distinct advantage over methods such as spraying.
Local residents have been able to feel the difference in terms of the decrease in incidence. Shalini Dutta, a physician who has been handling cases of malaria for 20 years, says: "The
mrc has done a very good job. The annual incidence of malaria has decreased substantially." Although a decrease in incidence of malaria is acknowledged unanimously, the mosquito nuisance remains.
This paradox raises a question: if the mosquitoes remain, would malaria make a comeback and undo everything that the
mrc has achieved so painstakingly? "It poses no threat of resurgence as most of the mosquitoes are of the
Culex species and do not carry malaria parasites," claims Sharma of the
mrc . But how is that despite cleaner sanitation, mosquitoes still preponderate in the campus? "The
bhel complex is clean but the surrounding areas are not. These mosquitoes have a tremendous flight range (up to 2-3 km) and due to their import from the adjoining dirtier areas, people still face problems," explains S P Sethi, a technical assistant with
mrc , Hardwar. Is the adjoining area of
bhel dirty? "The sanitation condition of the town is bad," agrees Y S Bisht, district malaria officer, Hardwar General Hospital. "Even our surveillance system is faulty," he adds.
But then what is the use of carrying out bioenvironmental vector control in a selected area and leaving the surrounding areas filthy? To protect the
bhel campus from mosquitoes -- both malariogenic and otherwise -- the
mrc should have considered a larger concentric area outside the complex. But then if that is the case, how big should the concentric area be?
According to Sharma, the issue raises crucial questions on the modus operandi of biocontrol. "We had carried out such a study in Delhi way back in 1974 where we had constructed barriers in an extra three km concentric area (maximum flight range for mosquitoes) to examine the feasibility of such a hypothesis. But it was observed that a three km barrier is ineffective in halting infiltration. Instead, one would have to consider a zone of 15 km or more to protect an area from infiltration," he adds.